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1 Simpson, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 20 August 1710 Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, Englandd. 14 May 1761 Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, England[br]English mathematician and author ofSimpson's Rules.[br]Despite domestic difficulties, Simpson managed to study and teach mathematics and allied subjects throughout his life. His interest in celestial phenomena was aroused by the solar eclipse of 1724. Around 1736 he started to work in London as a weaver, teaching mathematics in his spare time. The genius of his prolific work was recognized and various honours came his way, culminating in his appointment in 1743 to the Chair of Mathematics at the Royal Academy, Woolwich. In that same year he published a paper relating to "the means of approximating the areas of curves, by means of equidistant ordinates". This method, now known as Simpson's first and second rules, enabled engineers to calculate areas under curves and volumes bounded by shapes made up of a regular envelope of curves. Shipbuilders and naval architects were to find this one of the greatest developments in the history of ship design.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1745. Member of the Royal Academy of Stockholm 1740.FMW -
2 Ports and shipping
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Armstrong, Sir William GeorgeEgerton, FrancisLi GaoPeter the GreatShen GuaStanhope, Charles -
3 Medical technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Chamberlen, Peter (the elder)Fabricius, HieronymusLister, JosephMarton, Ladislaus -
4 Chapman, Frederik Henrik af
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 September 1721 Gothenburg, Swedend. 19 August 1808 Karlskrona, Sweden[br]Swedish naval architect and shipbuilder; one of the foremost ship designers of all time.[br]Chapman was born on the west coast of Sweden and was the son of a British naval officer serving in the Swedish Navy. In 1738 he followed in his father's footsteps by joining the naval dockyards as a shipbuilding apprentice. Subsequent experience was gained in other shipyards and by two years (1741–3) in London. His assiduous note taking and study of British shipbuilding were noticed and he was offered appointments in England, but these were refused and he returned to Sweden in 1744 and for a while operated as a ship repairer in partnership with a man called Bagge. In 1749 he started out on his own. He began with a period of study in Stockholm and in London, where he worked for a while under Thomas Simpson, and then went on to France and the Netherlands. During his time in England he learned the art of copper etching, a skill that later stood him in good stead. After some years he was appointed Deputy Master Shipwright to the Swedish Navy, and in 1760 he became Master Shipwright at Sveaborg (now Suomenlinna), the fortress island of Helsinki. There Chapman excelled by designing the coastal defence or skerry fleet that to this day is accepted as beautiful and fit for purpose. He understood the limitations of ship design and throughout his life strove to improve shipbuilding by using the advances in mathematics and science that were then being made. His contribution to the rationalization of thought in ship theory cannot be overemphasized.In 1764 he became Chief Shipbuilder to the Swedish Navy, with particular responsibility for Karlskrona and for Stockholm. He assisted in the new rules for the classification of warships and later introduced standardization to the naval dockyards. He continued to rise in rank and reputation until his retirement in 1793, but to the end his judgement was sought on many matters concerning not only ship design but also the administration of the then powerful Swedish Navy.His most important bequest to his profession is the great book Architectura Navalis Mercatoria, first published in 1768. Later editions were larger and contained additional material. This volume remains one of the most significant works on shipbuilding.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1772. Rear Admiral 1783, Vice-Admiral 1791.Bibliography1768, Architecture Navalis Mercatoria; 1975, pub. in English, trans. Adlard Coles. 1775, Tractat om Skepps-Buggeriet.Further ReadingD.G.Harris, 1989, F.H.Chapman, the First Naval Architect and His Work, London: Conway (an excellent biography).FMWBiographical history of technology > Chapman, Frederik Henrik af
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